Ubuso bumboza yonke into futhi siyabonga ngobuchwepheshe banamuhla sinezinketho eziningi zokwelapha izindawo (ngamakhemikhali, ngokomzimba ... njll.) futhi sizilungise ngendlela ewusizo, ngemiphumela efiselekayo ehlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kokunamathela kokunamathela noma izingxenye endaweni, ukuguqulwa kwendawo ukuze kwenziwe izindawo ezingaphezulu. i-hydrophobic (ukumanzisa okunzima), i-hydrophillic (ukumanzisa kalula), i-antistatic, i-antibacterial noma i-antifungal, eyenza i-heterogeneous catalysis, okwenza ukwakhiwa kwedivayisi ye-semiconductor namaseli kaphethiloli & nama-monolayer azihlanganisela wona kwenzeke...njll. Ososayensi bethu bangaphandle kanye nonjiniyela banokuhlangenwe nakho okuhle kokukusiza emizamweni yakho yokuklama neyokuthuthukisa ingxenye, i-subassembly kanye nezindawo eziqediwe zomkhiqizo. Sinolwazi nolwazi lokunquma ukuthi yiziphi izindlela ongazisebenzisa ukuze sihlaziye futhi silungise indawo yakho ethile. Siphinde sibe nokufinyelela kumishini yokuhlola ethuthuke kakhulu.

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Ikhemistri engaphezulu ingachazwa cishe njengocwaningo lokuhlangana kwamakhemikhali ezindaweni zokusebenzelana. Ikhemistri engaphezulu ihlobene eduze nobunjiniyela bangaphandle, okuhloswe ngayo ukulungisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okungaphezulu ngokuhlanganisa izakhi ezikhethiwe noma amaqembu asebenzayo akhiqiza imithelela ehlukahlukene efiselekayo nenenzuzo noma ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo zengaphezulu noma ukusebenzelana. Ukunamathela kwegesi noma ama-molecule e-liquid phezulu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-adsorption. Lokhu kungaba ngenxa ye-chemisorption noma nge-physisorption. Ngokuhlanganisa ikhemistri engaphezulu, singakwazi ukuzuza ukukhangisa nokunamathela okungcono. Ukuziphatha kwesixhumi esibonakalayo esisekelwe kwisixazululo kuthintwa ukushaja okungaphezulu, ama-dipoles, amandla, nokusatshalaliswa kwawo ngaphakathi kwesendlalelo esiphindwe kabili sikagesi. I-Surface physics ifunda izinguquko ezibonakalayo ezenzeka ezindaweni zokusebenzelana, futhi igqagqene nekhemistri engaphezulu. Ezinye zezinto eziphenywa i-surface physics zifaka phakathi ukusakazeka komhlaba, ukwakhiwa kabusha komhlaba, amaphononi angaphezulu nama-plasmons, i-epitaxy kanye nokuhlakazeka kwe-Raman okuthuthukisiwe, ukukhishwa kanye nomhubhe wama-electron, ama-spintronics, kanye nokuzihlanganisa kwama-nanostructures endaweni.

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Ukutadisha kwethu nokuhlaziya izindawo ezingaphezulu kuhilela kokubili amasu okuhlaziya angokwenyama namakhemikhali. Izindlela ezimbalwa zesimanje ziphenya indawo ephezulu kakhulu engu-1–10 nm yezindawo ezichayeke ku-vacuum. Lokhu kufaka i-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), i-Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), i-low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), i-electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), i-thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), i-ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), i-secondary spectroscopy. I-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), nezinye izindlela zokuhlaziya indawo ezifakwe ohlwini lwezindlela zokuhlaziya izinto. Eziningi zalezi zindlela zidinga i-vacuum njengoba zithembele ekutholeni ama-electron noma ama-ion akhishwa phezulu ngaphansi kocwaningo. Amasu acwebile angasetshenziswa ukutadisha ukuxhumana ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene. I-reflection-absorption infrared, i-Raman ethuthukisiwe ngaphezulu, kanye nama-spectroscopies okukhiqiza isamba sesamba angasetshenziswa ukuphenya i-solid-vacuum kanye ne-soli-gas, i-solid-liquid, ne-liquid-gas surface. Izindlela zesimanje zokuhlaziya umzimba zihlanganisa i-scanning-tunneling microscopy (STM) kanye nomndeni wezindlela ezehla kuyo. Lawa ma-microscopies akhulise kakhulu ikhono nesifiso sososayensi bangaphandle ukukala ukwakheka kwemvelo kwendawo.

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Ezinye zezinsizakalo esizihlinzekayo zokuhlaziya indawo, ukuhlola, ukuhlukanisa abalingiswa nokuguqulwa yilezi:

• Ukuhlolwa nokuhlukaniswa kwezindawo kusetshenziswa inani elikhulu lamasu amakhemikhali, angokwenyama, emishini, namehlo (bona uhlu olungezansi)

• Ukulungiswa kwezindawo kusetshenziswa amasu afanelekile afana ne-flame hydrolysis, ukwelashwa kwe-plasma surface, ukubekwa kwezingqimba ezisebenzayo….etc.

• Ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo yokuhlaziywa kwendawo, ukuhlola, ukuhlanzwa kwendawo kanye nokuguqulwa

• Ukukhethwa, ukuthengwa, ukuguqulwa kokuhlanza indawo, imishini yokwelapha kanye nokuguqulwa, inqubo kanye nemishini yokuhlukanisa

• Buyisela emuva ubunjiniyela bezindawo nezindawo zokuhlangana

• Ukuhlubula nokususwa kwezakhiwo zefilimu ezizacile ezihlulekile kanye nama-coatings ukuze kuhlaziywe indawo engaphansi ukuze kutholwe imbangela.

• Izinkonzo zofakazi abangochwepheshe nezinkantolo

• Amasevisi okubonisana

 

Senza umsebenzi wobunjiniyela ekuguqulweni kwendawo yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi:

• Ukuhlanzwa kwezindawo kanye nokuqedwa kokungcola okungadingeki

• Ukuthuthukisa ukunamathela kwezingubo nama-substrates

• Ukwenza izindawo zibe yi-hydrophobic noma i-hydrophilic

• Ukwenza indawo ibe yi-antistatic noma i-static

• Ukwenza izindawo zikazibuthe

• Ukwenyuka noma ukuncipha kobulukhuni bendawo esikalini esincane nese-nano.

• Ukwenza izindawo zibe yi-antifungal kanye ne-antibacterial

• Ukulungisa izindawo ukuze unike amandla i-heterogeneous catalysis

• Ukulungisa izindawo kanye nezindawo zokusebenzelana zokuhlanza, ukukhulula izingcindezi, ukuthuthukisa ukunamathela... njll. ukwenza ukwakhiwa kwedivayisi ye-semiconductor ye-multilayer kwenzeke, amaseli kaphethiloli nama-monolayer azihlanganisela wona kungenzeka.

 

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, siyakwazi ukufinyelela uhla olubanzi lwezinto ezijwayelekile nezithuthukile zokuhlola kanye nezinhlamvu ezisetshenziswa ekuhlaziyeni izinto ezihlanganisa ukufundwa kwezindawo ezingaphezulu, izindawo okusebenzela kuzo kanye nezingubo zokumboza:

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• I-Goniometry yokulinganisa i-engeli yokuxhumana ezindaweni

• I-Ion Mass Spectrometry yesibili (SIMS), Isikhathi Sendiza ye-SIMS (TOF-SIMS)

• I-Transmission Electron Microscopy – Iskena I-Electron Microscopy (TEM-STEM)

• Iskena i-Electron Microscopy (SEM)

• I-X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy – Electron Spectroscopy yokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali (XPS-ESCA)

• I-Spectrophotometry

• I-Spectrometry

• Ellipsometry

• I-Spectroscopic Reflectometry

• I-glossmeter

• I-Interferometry

• I-Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)

• I-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

• I-Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

• I-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)

• I-Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS)

• I-Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)

• I-Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)

• I-Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)

• I-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS)

• I-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

• I-Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)

• I-low-energy electron diffraction (LEED)

• I-Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)

• Raman

• I-X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

• I-X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)

• I-Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

• I-Dual Beam - I-Ion Beam Egxilisiwe (I-Dual Beam - FIB)

• I-Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD)

• Iphrofayili ye-Optical

• I-Stylus Profilometry

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Microscratch

• Ukuhlaziywa Kwegesi Esalelayo (i-RGA) Nokuqukethwe Komhwamuko Wamanzi Wangaphakathi

• I-Instrumental Gas Analysis (IGA)

• URutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS)

• I-Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF)

• I-Specular X-Ray Reflectivity (XRR)

• I-Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)

• I-Destructive Physical Analysis (DPA) ithobelana nezimfuneko ze-MIL-STD

• I-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

• Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Thermogravimetric (TGA)

• Ukuhlaziywa kweThermomechanical (TMA)

• I-Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS)

• Isikhathi Sangempela X-Ray (RTX)

• Iskena i-Acoustic Microscopy (SAM)

• I-Scanning-tunneling microscopy (STM)

• Ukuhlolwa kokuhlola izakhiwo zikagesi

• Isilinganiso Sokumelana Neshidi & Anisotropy & Mapping & Homogeneity

• Ukukala Kokuqhutshwa

• Ukuhlolwa Komzimba Nokusebenza Okufana Nokulinganisa I-Thin Film Stress Measurement

• Okunye Ukuhlola Okushisayo Njengoba Kudingeka

• Chambers Environmental, Ukuguga Ukuhlolwa